The presence of abnormal cell growth within or around the brain is referred to as a brain tumour. These tumours can be categorized as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Some develop gradually, while others grow at an accelerated rate. As they expand, brain tumours can interfere with normal brain function by exerting pressure on surrounding tissues or directly damaging them. Although the term "brain tumour" may sound alarming, not all types are life-threatening. This blog explores the different types of brain tumours, their symptoms and methods of diagnosis. You can also connect with Neotia Getwel Multispecialty Hospital, which offers the best medical assistance and 24/7 emergency care.

Types of Brain tumours

Brain tumours are broadly classified into two main categories:

• Benign Brain tumours
• Malignant Brain tumours

Benign Brain tumours

A benign brain tumour is noncancerous and typically grows slowly without spreading to other regions of the brain. While they are not usually fatal, they can still cause complications by affecting critical areas of the brain. One of the most common benign brain tumours is meningioma, which originates in the meninges - the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Malignant Brain tumours

Malignant brain tumours are cancerous and tend to grow more aggressively. If left untreated, they can expand rapidly, invading surrounding brain tissues. Treatment for malignant tumours usually involves surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy. One common type of malignant brain tumour is glioma, which originates from glial cells responsible for supporting nerve function.

Differentiating between benign and malignant tumours is crucial, as treatment plans and prognosis depend on the tumour’s nature and stage, which is determined through microscopic examination of the affected cells.

Symptoms of Brain Tumours

In some cases, small brain tumours may not cause noticeable symptoms. However, when symptoms do appear, they vary depending on the tumour’s location, size and growth rate. Common symptoms include:

• Headaches: Persistent or severe headaches, particularly those that occur upon waking up.
• Seizures: Uncontrolled movements or sensations due to abnormal brain activity.
• Nausea and Vomiting: Often caused by increased intracranial pressure.
• Vision Problems: Blurred or double vision or loss of peripheral vision.
• Cognitive Changes: Memory problems, confusion or difficulty concentrating.
• Weakness or Numbness: Typically affecting one side of the body.
• Speech or Hearing Difficulties: Trouble with speech, comprehension or hearing loss.

It is essential to note that these symptoms can also be linked to other health conditions. Therefore, early medical consultation is crucial for an accurate diagnosis.

Risk Factors for Brain Tumours

Several factors may contribute to the development of brain tumours, although having these risk factors does not necessarily mean a person will develop one. Key risk factors include:

• Age: Some tumours are more common in children, while others develop in older adults.
• Gender: Certain tumours, such as meningiomas, are more prevalent in women, whereas others occur more frequently in men.
• Family History: A genetic predisposition or a history of brain tumours in the family may increase the risk.
• Radiation Exposure: Prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation can elevate the risk of tumour development.
• Chemical Exposure: Contact with hazardous chemicals may also play a role.
• Immune Disorders: Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive treatments, may heighten the risk.
• Genetic Mutations: Inherited syndromes or genetic alterations can increase susceptibility.

Diagnosis of Brain Tumours

Diagnosing a brain tumour often requires a multidisciplinary approach. In some cases, a brain tumour is discovered incidentally during imaging tests conducted for unrelated medical issues. Common diagnostic procedures include:

Neurological Examination: A doctor assesses vision, hearing, reflexes, balance and coordination.

Imaging Tests:

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): A highly effective technique for detecting brain tumours by producing detailed images of brain structures.
• CT Scan (Computed Tomography): Helps identify abnormalities in the brain.
• Biopsy: A small sample of the tumour is collected to determine whether it is benign or malignant.
• Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture): A sample of cerebrospinal fluid is extracted for laboratory analysis to detect cancerous cells.

Importance of Early Detection

Early detection of brain tumours significantly improves treatment success and patient outcomes. Identifying a tumour in its early stages allows for timely intervention, which may prevent complications and improve the patient’s quality of life. In cases where the tumour is small and operable, early diagnosis increases the likelihood of complete removal. Additional treatments such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapy can also be more effective when initiated early.

Treatment Options for Brain Tumours

Treatment strategies for brain tumours depend on various factors, including tumour type, size, location and the patient’s overall health. Common treatment methods include:

• Surgery (Craniotomy): Neurosurgeons aim to remove as much of the tumour as possible without harming vital brain functions. In some cases, surgery may be performed while the patient is awake to minimize the risk of damage.
• Radiation Therapy: High-energy X-rays target and destroy tumour cells.
• Radiosurgery: A non-invasive technique that uses concentrated radiation beams to shrink tumours without affecting surrounding tissues.
• Chemotherapy: Anti-cancer drugs are used to eliminate tumour cells and inhibit their growth.
• Immunotherapy: Stimulates the immune system to fight cancer cells more effectively.
• Targeted Therapy: Focuses on specific genetic or molecular characteristics of tumour cells while sparing healthy tissues.
• Active Surveillance: Involves monitoring small, symptom-free tumours through regular check-ups.

Supportive Treatments

Additional supportive treatments may help manage symptoms and improve quality of life:

• Shunts: Used to drain excess fluid and relieve pressure in the brain.
• Medications: Reduce inflammation and intracranial pressure.
• Palliative Care:Provides relief from symptoms and emotional support for patients and families.

In many cases, a combination of treatments is used to achieve the best possible outcome.

Conclusion

Gaining a deeper understanding of brain tumours is crucial for early detection and effective treatment. Whether dealing with a benign tumour like meningioma or a malignant one such as glioma, timely diagnosis can improve prognosis and quality of life. If symptoms suggestive of a brain tumour arise, seeking medical evaluation promptly can lead to better treatment options and outcomes. You can also connect with Neotia Getwel Multispecialty Hospital which offers the best medical assistance and 24/7 emergency care

Disclaimer

Though all attempts are made to provide correct information on the subject, inadvertent & typographical errors arising out of manual intervention cannot be ruled out. Any such discrepancies should be brought to the blogger's notice for correction.